Part III (Albanian Inherited Lexicon)

[Abdullah Konushevci]

*bha:-1 'to shine'. Oldest form *bheH2-, colored to *bhaH2-,
contracted to *bha:-. 1a. Suffixed o-grade form *bho:-sko > Palb. beh
in <zbeh> 'to make pale, fade; literally to loose the light' (z-
privative suffix, probably voiced variant dz- of *ts-); b. Variant form
<bef> in <i beftë> 'sudden, unexpected; literally like lightning',
adverb <befas> 'suddenly', abstract noun <befasi> 'surprise'.
2a. Suffixed and extended zero-grade form *bhH2-n-ya > Alb.
<bânj/bënj> 'to do; literally to bring to light' (cf. Gr.
phainein 'id.'); b. suffixed zero-grade form *bhH2-ti > bas
'creator; literally the light, appearance (cf. Gr. phasis and one of
Jesus' sentence "I am the light"). 3. Extended basic root
*bha:t-eH2 > Alb. <botë> 'world, mankind; white clay' (same
formation we may notice in Sl. svijet 'world' and <svijetlo>
'light' as well as in Romanian <lume> 'world, mankind' and
<lumina> 'light'). 4. Prefixed participle form t-ban
'herdsman's camp for dairy animals', probably from *bhH2-no, that
was later substantivized. 5. Deverbative of this substantivized
partiple is <ban-oj> 'to dwell', <ban-esë> 'apartment',
<ban-or> 'inhabitant' etc. 6. I guess that also Alb. <borë> is a
substantivized adjective of *bha:-ro (Pokorny 1. bha:- 104.)

*bha:-2 'to speak'. 1. Alb. <z-boj>, <dë-boj> 'expel, banish,
excommunicate', probably from suffixed extended form *bhH3-n-yo of
*bho:-, meaning preserved in Old Norse <banna> 'to prohibit,
curse'. 2. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *bhH2s-ko > bashkë
'together', , <bashkëshort> 'spouse, husband: second part of
compound is probably Lat. sors, -tis 'fate, destiny', so literally
means to have together same destiny', <bashk-i> 'municipality',
<bashk-oj> 'to unite, band together, connect' etc. (cf. Italian
<bandire 'to muster, band together' from Gmc *ban-wan, *bannan). 3.
I guess to that Alb. prefixed form <m'u d-bue> 'to copulate',
especially the act of copulation between the bitch and dogs, synonymic
with the verb <m'u ndjek> 'to persecute' should be related to
participle o-grade form *bho:-no (Pokorny 2. bha:- 105.)

*bha-bha:- 'broad bean'. Alb. <bathë> 'bean', probably from
suffixed form *bha-k'o: Gr. phakos 'lentil', Sl. <bob>
'bean': Lat. faba 'broad bean': OE be:an 'id.' etc.
(Pokorny bhabha:- 106.)

*bhag- 'to share out also to get a share'. Alb. <buzmi>
'Christmas tree', probably from suffixed zero-grade form *bhugs-mo

buxh-mo > buzm-i as dual nom. plural (cf. -ksh- > -ç- and *-gsh - > -xh-): Pers. baksheesh 'tip' from *bhags-, Gr. phagein 'to eat' etc. Its meaning is obvious from NP <buzmi bujar> 'open-handed Buzmi'. (Pokorny 1. bhag- 107.)

*bhaH2ghu- 'arm'. 1. Probably Alb. <mangë> 'arm, sleeve,
barnch' from prefixed zero-grade nasalized form *H1en- + *bhH2ngh-eH2

nbangë > mbangë > mmangë > mange/mëngë: OE bo:g/bo:h 'bough'. (Pokorny bhaghu-s - 108.)

*bhau- 'to strike'. Oldest form *bheH2u-, colored to *bhaH2u-,
contrcted to *bhau-. 1. Alb. <bie> 'to beat' seems to be derived
from oldest form *bheH2u-, aor. has suppletive form <rashë>. Probably
a mixture with *bheiH2- 'to strike'. 2a. Suffixed zero-grade form
*bhu-to is an participle, that was adjectivized in <i butë>
'soft'; b. Prefixed with intensive s- <zbut> 'to soften'; 3.
Basic form *bheH2u-, extended in zero-grade form *-stH2 of verb *steH2-
'to stand' > Alb. <bisht> 'tail, crook, handle, fragellum'
<*biesht (cf. same formation in Sl. <biti> 'to beat' and <bic^>
'fragellum'), probably attested in oldest form in Dacian name
Burebista. 4. Suffixed form *bau-t-a:-n-yo have yielded <batonj> in
prefixed verb <z-batonj> 'to execute'.

*bhe:- to warm'. Oldest form *bheH1-. 1a. Probably extended root
*bheH1k-o have yielded in Alb. Gheg <vok> 'to warm', Tosk. <vak>
'id.', proving that in certain contexts /*bh/ was not syncretized
with /*b/. b. suffixed in -to it yields <i/e voktë/vaktë>
'warm' and in -je <vokje> 'warming'. I think that /*bh/ not
only followed by liquid, like in *n.bhulo > avull, but also followed by
back vowels yields also /v/, that I try to prove in many examples: OE
bacan: OHG bakan. (Pokorny bhe:- 113.)

*bheid- 'to split'. Alb. <bizë> 'awl; embroidery needle' is
probably derived from suffixed zero-grade form *bhid-ya:.

*bheidh - 'to trust, confide, persuade'. 1a.Alb. <be:>
'oath', probably from *boidha: with compensatory lengthening of
nucleus /e:/ (. Cf. lat. foedus, Sl. beda). b. <për-bej> 'to
swear' Nasalized zero-grade form *bhind-. 2a. Alb. <bind>
'persuade'; b. <përbindsh> 'monster'. 3. <besë> 'faith,
trust', probably from *boidh-tya:, synonymic with <fe>
'religion', probably from Lat. fides in <nuk ka besë e nuk ka fe>.


*bhel-1 'to shine, flash, burn'.
I. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-eH2: 1a. Alb. <balë> 'white blaze on
the face or body of a domestic animal' b. <balash> 'with blazed
face or spotted body'; c. bal 'dog with white spots; sheepdog';
d. bal-iskë 'patch of white on the face or body of domestic
animal'; 2a. In many compounds as a first or second element:
<balë·drenjë> 'goat with long straight horns and a white blaze on
the forehead', also <bal·fllorë>; b. balë·mushk 'goat with
dun-colored hair'; c. bal·dosë 'badger' also <dosëbalë>; d.
balë·sorrë 'black ewe with a white blaze on the forehead'; e.
balë·krocë 'evergreen rose'; f. balgjosë 'dark goat with
white lines'; g. bal·mëllenjë 'dark goat with a white blaze on
the forehead', etc (cf. Gr. phalaros 'having a white spot). (It was
rightly supposed that the name of Belisarius' hors <Balias> could be
explained through Albanian.). 3a. Extended root *bhol-t-a: > Alb.
<baltë> 'mud, dirt' (cf. Sl. <blato>, present also in Rom.
<balta>); b. <balt-ak> 'muddy, slimy', c. balt-ovinë 'muddy
place'; d. <balt-inë> 'muddy ground'; e. balt-omë 'mud,
filth' etc. 4. <bajzë> 'coot' (cf. Lat. fulica, Gr.
phaleris/phalaris 'id.'), probably from *bhol-dya:. 5. <ballë>
'forehead' from *bhol-na: (cf. Skt. bha:lam: OPr ballo).
II. Extended root *bhleH1-, contracted to *bhle:- 1a. Alb. <blozë>
'smock-black, lampblack, smut', probably from *bhleH1-dya:; b. <i/e
blozët> 'charred' (cf. Gmc *blewaz).
III. Zero-grade form *bhl.H1- 1. Alb. <blini/bliri> 'lime-tree,
linden', probably derivev from suffixed form of zero-grade *bhl.-nu,
even to some my research *r.H1 as well as *l.H1 have yielded in Alb.
/ur/ and /ul/.
IV. Extended root *bhleg- 1. Alb. <bjeg-zë> with metathetic variant
<bjezgë> 'Phlomis fruticosa', probably from *bhleg-dya:. Same
formation was found also in South Slavic <belica> 'id.' from <bel>
'white'. (Pokorny 1. bhel- 118, bheleg- 124.)
*bhel-2 'to blow, swell'. 1. Alb. <buall/buell> 'bull' from
attested <buoll> is probably derived from lengthened e-grade *bhe:l-n-,
through regular diphthongizing of long *e: to /ou/ > /uo/ > Gheg /ue/
and Tosk /ua/ followed by liquids (cf. ON <boli>). Alb. <bole>
'testicles' (pluralia tantum, synonym <koçe>) is singularized
plural of probably qualitative ablaut *bhl.H1-o > bule > bole. 3.
Zero-grade form *bhl.- > Alb. <bli> 'sturgeon' (cf. Gr.
phal(l)aina 'whale'). (Pokorny 3. bhel- 120.)

*bhel-3 'to thrive, bloom'. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhl.H1- 1.
Alb. <bulë> 'bud', <bulëzoj> 'to sprout'. Probably
assimilation b - l > l - l yielded Alb. <lule> 'flower' as
singularized plural, <lulëzoj> 'to flower, bloom'. 2. Prefixed
form *sbhlo:-t-a: > Alb. <fletë> 'leaf' (*sp-/*sbh- > Alb. /f/):
Gr. phullon: Lat. folium 'id.'.

*bher-1 'to carry; also to bear children'.
I. Suffixed zero-grade *bher-yo 1. <bíe> 'I bring', through
compensatory lengthening of diphthong from *bhiej (*ry > j) (cf. Lat.
ferre: Gr. pherein). 2. Participle form *bher-no > bjerrë 'to lose,
waste', used later also as present stem, usually preceded by
privative prefix z-bjerr, d-bjerr (*dz- voiced allomorph of *ts-) with
metathesis form <bdjerr>.
II. Suffixed o-grade form *bhor-neH2. 1. barrë 'pregnancy'. 2.
*bhor-t > bart 'carry', <bartje> 'carrying'. 3. *bhor-ti >
bars-e 'with young (for woman), calf (for cow)' though *-ti >s as
singularized plural.
III. Possibly extended zero-grade form *br.-t-mu 'automn' (.cf.
Lat. fortunus), synonym <vjeshtë> 'id.'. (Pokorny 1.bher- 128.)

*bher- 'to cut, pierce, bore'. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form
*br.-meH2 > brimë/vrimë 'opening, hole', Gheg variant <birë>
(cf. Lat. for a:re). 2a. Suffixed long o-grade *bhe:r-iga > borigë
'black pine/spruce'; b. borigëz 'chip, splinter' (cf. Gr.
pharynx). 3a. Metathesis long o-grade *bhro:-n-yo > brênj 'gnaw,
nibble'. b. Suffixed in -tyeH2 <bresë> 'chicory, succory'
(synonym <radhiqe>). (Pokorny 3. bher- 133).

*bherHg'- 'to shine'. 1. Alb. <bredh> 'fir-tree', probably
singularized plural of <brad> (attested in Romanian), probably from
zero-grade form *bhr.Hg'-u > *bradz-i > bredh, due to i-Umlaut (cf.
Lat. fraxinus 'ash tree', OE birc(e)). 2. <i,e bardhë>
'white', probably from o-grade form *bhorHg'-o > bardza (Rom.
barza 'stork'). (Pokorny bherHg'- 139.)

*bherg'h- 'to hide, protect'. 1. Alb. <burg> 'jail, prison',
probably from o-grade form *bhorg'h-u (cf. rHg' > rdz > rdh and
*rg'h > rg): Gmc bergan 'to protect'. (Pokorny bherg'h- 145.)

*bheudh- 'to be aware, to make aware'. 1a. Alb. <bunj> 'to put up
for the overnight, give overnight lodgins to', probably from extended
and suffixed zero-grade form *bhudh-n-yo; b. participle form <(me)
bujtë>, probably from *bhudh-to; c. bujt-inë 'small hotel,
lodgings'. 2. Prefixed form <për-bunj> 'to stay awake'. With
this meaning is better preserved in Albanian loan in South-Slavic
languages <katra-bunac^> 'kletvobdenje' etc. : Skt bhodati 'he
awakes', Sl. buditi 'to wake up', Gmc *budo:n 'messenger'.
(Pokorny bheudh- 150.)

*bhes- 'to rub'. 1a. Suffixed form *s-bhes-i-n-yo > fshinj
'rub', probably treating cluster *-bhs- like *-sp- > Alb. /f/. b.
fshesë 'broom' in abstract suffix -tia:. 2. Extended and
suffixed o-grade form *bhosd-ilo > bëzhdile 'sweepings, dust,
rubbish', probably from *bashdilë, used as singularized plural with
regular voicing of /sh/ to /zh/ after voiced stop (cf. Gr. phsilos from
*bhs-ilo in epsilon, psilomelane, upsilon. (Pokorny 1. bhes- 145.)

*bheuH- 'to be, exist, grow'.
I. Extended form *bhwi-. 1a. Alb. <binj/mbinj> 'to sprout,
germinate' (cf. Gr. phuein 'to make grow'), probably from
*bhwi-n-yo; b. Present past participle <bimë> 'plant, growth' (cf.
Gr. phutos, phuton 'plant') 2a. Possibly suffixed form *bhwi-lyeH2

Alb. biljë (attested also in Messapian) > bijë 'daughter'; b. *bhwi-ro > bir 'son', pl. <bij>.

II. Zero-grade form *bhu- 1a. Alb. <bun> 'dwelling place,
shepherd's hut' (cf. OI <both> 'a hut', probably from *bhu-nu;
b. Place name Bunjaj. (Pokorny bheu- 146.)

*bheug- 'to bend'. 1a. Alb. <i,e butë> 'soft', probably from
suffixed zero-grade form *bhug-to, through assimilation -gt- > -tt-,
like in *nokW-t-eH2 > natë (cf. Irish Gaelic <bog> 'id.'); b.
<zbut> 'to soften', from prefixed form z-but; c. zbunoj 'to
cajole; caress' from *zbutnoj (tn > n, attested also in <zonë>
'god, lord' master' from <zot-në> or <monë> 'weather' from
<mot-në>). (Pokorny 3. bheug- 152.)

*bheug- 'to taste, prove'. 1a. Alb. <bung> 'durmast oak',
<bungajë> 'forest of durmast oak' (cf. -ol-yo > Alb. -ajë in
*H2el- above), probably from zero-grade nasalized form of o-grade
*bhH3ng-u > bong-u > bung; b. compound <bungëbutë> 'pubescent oak,
white oak', <bungëkeqe> 'Hungarian oak', <bungëkuqe>
'Macedonian oak' (cf. Rom. <bunget> 'thick forest' in suffix
-et.): Gmc *bo:ko:. (Pokorny 4. bheug - 153.)

*bhle:- 'to blow'. 1. Diminutive prefixed form *bhl.H1-skë > alb.
fluskë 'bubble, vesicle', possible from *s-phl.H1-skë (*l.H1 >
Alb. /ul/). 2. Suffixed o-grade form *sphlo:g-er > flegër
'nostrils'. (Pokorny 3.bhel- 120.)

*bleu- 'to swell, well up, overflow'. 1. Extended zero-grade form
*bhlugW- have yilded Alb. <vlug> 'prime point, peak'. 2. Lengthened
e-grade form *bhle:-n-yo > Alb. <vloj> 'boil' (cf. Gr.
phluein/phluzein 'id.'). 3. Suffixed basic root *bhleu-nu > Alb.
bleni 'book, tom, volume' (Pokonry bhleu- 158.)

*bhra:ter- 'brother'. 1. Alb. <bres, brezi> 'generation' is
probably singularized plural of from *bra-tia (bra'brother' in
Illyrian, attested also in Illyrian place name Bratia, today Braç). 2.
Form bra- is attested also in place naime Bra-ina and in patronymic
Bra-ishor. (Pokorny bhra:ter- 163.)

*bhredh- 'to wade'. 1a. Alb. <bredh> 'to wander, roam', aor.
<brodha>; b. extended in abstract suffix -je <bredh-je>
'wandering' (cf. OCHS <broditi> 'to wade'); c. double suffixed
adjective <bredh-ac-ak> 'wanderer, roamer'. (Pokorny bhred(h)-
164.)

*bhren-to- 'deer, hornsbearer'. 1. Alb. <brî> 'horn', probably
from zero-grade form *bhr.-nu, Geg plural <brîena> (Messapian
<brendon> from <brenton> with regular voicing of unvoiced dental
preceded by nasal). (Pokorny bhren-to- 168.)

*bhreu- 'to boil, bubble, effervesce; burn'.
I. Suffixed extended zero-grade form *bhru-n-yo. 1. Alb. mbrunj
'knead, impaste, mix'. 2. Present past participle <brumë>
'dough, duff, paste'.
II. Variant form *bhur- 1. Alb. <buroj> 'to spring, gush', derived
from *bhur-a:-n-yo, burim 'spring': Gr. phrear 'spring': OE
burna etc.

Konushevci

[Douglas G. Kilday]

"Abdullah Konushevci" <***@gmail.com> wrote ...

*****

*bha:-2 'to speak'. 1. Alb. <z-boj>, <dë-boj> 'expel, banish,
excommunicate', probably from suffixed extended form *bhH3-n-yo of
*bho:-, meaning preserved in Old Norse <banna> 'to prohibit,
curse'. 2. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *bhH2s-ko > bashkë
'together', , <bashkëshort> 'spouse, husband: second part of
compound is probably Lat. sors, -tis 'fate, destiny', so literally
means to have together same destiny', <bashk-i> 'municipality',
<bashk-oj> 'to unite, band together, connect' etc. (cf. Italian
<bandire 'to muster, band together' from Gmc *ban-wan, *bannan). 3.
I guess to that Alb. prefixed form <m'u d-bue> 'to copulate',
especially the act of copulation between the bitch and dogs, synonymic
with the verb <m'u ndjek> 'to persecute' should be related to
participle o-grade form *bho:-no (Pokorny 2. bha:- 105.)

[DGK]
The Albanian words with <bashk-> might be from a distinct IE root *bhask-
'bundle, something tied or woven together', whence Latin <fascis>, <fascia>,
etc., Gallo-Latin <bascauda> 'basket'.

Alb. <m'u d-bue> is perhaps cognate with Lat. <futuere> 'to copulate with'.
I don't know if this *bhu(t)- actually belongs with *bhau- or some other
root.

*****

*bhel-1 'to shine, flash, burn'.
I. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-eH2: 1a. Alb. <balë> 'white blaze on
the face or body of a domestic animal' b. <balash> 'with blazed
face or spotted body'; c. bal 'dog with white spots; sheepdog';
d. bal-iskë 'patch of white on the face or body of domestic
animal'; 2a. In many compounds as a first or second element:
<balë·drenjë> 'goat with long straight horns and a white blaze on
the forehead', also <bal·fllorë>; b. balë·mushk 'goat with
dun-colored hair'; c. bal·dosë 'badger' also <dosëbalë>; d.
balë·sorrë 'black ewe with a white blaze on the forehead'; e.
balë·krocë 'evergreen rose'; f. balgjosë 'dark goat with
white lines'; g. bal·mëllenjë 'dark goat with a white blaze on
the forehead', etc (cf. Gr. phalaros 'having a white spot). (It was
rightly supposed that the name of Belisarius' hors <Balias> could be
explained through Albanian.). 3a. Extended root *bhol-t-a: > Alb.
<baltë> 'mud, dirt' (cf. Sl. <blato>, present also in Rom.
<balta>); b. <balt-ak> 'muddy, slimy', c. balt-ovinë 'muddy
place'; d. <balt-inë> 'muddy ground'; e. balt-omë 'mud,
filth' etc. 4. <bajzë> 'coot' (cf. Lat. fulica, Gr.
phaleris/phalaris 'id.'), probably from *bhol-dya:. 5. <ballë>
'forehead' from *bhol-na: (cf. Skt. bha:lam: OPr ballo).

[DGK]
I don't understand the connection between *bholta: 'mud, slime, swamp, etc.'
and *bhel- 'to shine, flash, burn' which reminds of "lucus a non lucendo".
Here belong Illyr. <balta> 'swamp', Lat. <blatea> 'id'. (prob. from
Messapic), possibly Span. <balsa> 'pool' (if from *baltia in some pre-Roman
IE language).

*****

*bherg'h- 'to hide, protect'. 1. Alb. <burg> 'jail, prison',
probably from o-grade form *bhorg'h-u (cf. rHg' > rdz > rdh and
*rg'h > rg): Gmc bergan 'to protect'. (Pokorny bherg'h- 145.)

[DGK]
Eric Hamp (Homenaje Tovar pp. 177-80) derived Greek <parthénos> 'virgin'
from *bhrg'h-wéno-, from *bherg'h- 'to increase, grow, grow high; high' in
the derived sense 'exalted'. But perhaps the sense was actually
'protected', from the other *bherg'h- above.

*****

*bhren-to- 'deer, hornsbearer'. 1. Alb. <brî> 'horn', probably
from zero-grade form *bhr.-nu, Geg plural <brîena> (Messapian
<brendon> from <brenton> with regular voicing of unvoiced dental
preceded by nasal). (Pokorny bhren-to- 168.)

[DGK]
The Illyrian place-name <Brundisium> belongs here; according to Strabo, the
harbor resembled a stag's horns.

[Abdullah Konushevci]

*bha:-2 'to speak'. 1. Alb. <z-boj>, <dë-boj> 'expel, banish,
excommunicate', probably from suffixed extended form *bhH3-n-yo of
*bho:-, meaning preserved in Old Norse <banna> 'to prohibit,
curse'. 2. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *bhH2s-ko > bashkë
'together', , <bashkëshort> 'spouse, husband: second part of
compound is probably Lat. sors, -tis 'fate, destiny', so literally
means to have together same destiny', <bashk-i> 'municipality',
<bashk-oj> 'to unite, band together, connect' etc. (cf. Italian
<bandire 'to muster, band together' from Gmc *ban-wan, *bannan). 3.
I guess to that Alb. prefixed form <m'u d-bue> 'to copulate',
especially the act of copulation between the bitch and dogs, synonymic
with the verb <m'u ndjek> 'to persecute' should be related to
participle o-grade form *bho:-no (Pokorny 2. bha:- 105.)
[DGK]
The Albanian words with <bashk-> might be from a distinct IE root
*bhask-
'bundle, something tied or woven together', whence Latin <fascis>,
<fascia>,
etc., Gallo-Latin <bascauda> 'basket'.
[AK]
For the reason that this root is recounstructed as *bhasko-, even many
thing that it underlay Alb. words with <bashk->, they give up, as I do
too, because -sko yields in Alb. regularly /h/.
[DGK]
Alb. <m'u d-bue> is perhaps cognate with Lat. <futuere> 'to copulate
with'.
I don't know if this *bhu(t)- actually belongs with *bhau- or some
other
root.
[AK]
It will fits better, but synonym <m'u ndjekë> 'to chase,
persecute' force me to treat this as derivative of *bha:-.
*****
*bhel-1 'to shine, flash, burn'.
I. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-eH2: 1a. Alb. <balë> 'white blaze on
the face or body of a domestic animal' b. <balash> 'with blazed
face or spotted body'; c. bal 'dog with white spots; sheepdog';
d. bal-iskë 'patch of white on the face or body of domestic
animal'; 2a. In many compounds as a first or second element:
<balë·drenjë> 'goat with long straight horns and a white blaze on
the forehead', also <bal·fllorë>; b. balë·mushk 'goat with
dun-colored hair'; c. bal·dosë 'badger' also <dosëbalë>; d.
balë·sorrë 'black ewe with a white blaze on the forehead'; e.
balë·krocë 'evergreen rose'; f. balgjosë 'dark goat with
white lines'; g. bal·mëllenjë 'dark goat with a white blaze on
the forehead', etc (cf. Gr. phalaros 'having a white spot). (It was
rightly supposed that the name of Belisarius' hors <Balias> could be
explained through Albanian.). 3a. Extended root *bhol-t-a: > Alb.
<baltë> 'mud, dirt' (cf. Sl. <blato>, present also in Rom.
<balta>); b. <balt-ak> 'muddy, slimy', c. balt-ovinë 'muddy
place'; d. <balt-inë> 'muddy ground'; e. balt-omë 'mud,
filth' etc. 4. <bajzë> 'coot' (cf. Lat. fulica, Gr.
phaleris/phalaris 'id.'), probably from *bhol-dya:. 5. <ballë>
'forehead' from *bhol-na: (cf. Skt. bha:lam: OPr ballo).
[DGK]
I don't understand the connection between *bholta: 'mud, slime, swamp,
etc.'
and *bhel- 'to shine, flash, burn' which reminds of "lucus a non
lucendo".
Here belong Illyr. <balta> 'swamp', Lat. <blatea> 'id'. (prob. from
Messapic), possibly Span. <balsa> 'pool' (if from *baltia in some
pre-Roman
IE language).
[AK]
If English <black> is a derivative of *bhel- 'to shine, flash,
burn' -much precisely from extended o-grade form *bhlog-, Gmc
*blakaz 'burned', I can't see any difficulty Illyrian, Albanian
word <baltë> for "mud, slime, swamp" to not be derived from
*bhel-.

*****
*bherg'h- 'to hide, protect'. 1. Alb. <burg> 'jail, prison',
probably from o-grade form *bhorg'h-u (cf. rHg' > rdz > rdh and
*rg'h > rg): Gmc bergan 'to protect'. (Pokorny bherg'h- 145.)
[DGK]
Eric Hamp (Homenaje Tovar pp. 177-80) derived Greek <parthénos>
'virgin'
from *bhrg'h-wéno-, from *bherg'h- 'to increase, grow, grow high;
high' in
the derived sense 'exalted'. But perhaps the sense was actually
'protected', from the other *bherg'h- above.
*****
*bhren-to- 'deer, hornsbearer'. 1. Alb. <brî> 'horn', probably
from zero-grade form *bhr.-nu, Geg plural <brîena> (Messapian
<brendon> from <brenton> with regular voicing of unvoiced dental
preceded by nasal). (Pokorny bhren-to- 168.)
[DGK]
The Illyrian place-name <Brundisium> belongs here; according to Strabo,
the
harbor resembled a stag's horns.
[AK]
Again, thanks a lot for your feedback.

[Douglas G. Kilday]

"Abdullah Konushevci" <***@gmail.com> wrote ...

*bha:-2 'to speak'. 1. Alb. <z-boj>, <dë-boj> 'expel, banish,
excommunicate', probably from suffixed extended form *bhH3-n-yo of
*bho:-, meaning preserved in Old Norse <banna> 'to prohibit,
curse'. 2. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *bhH2s-ko > bashkë
'together', , <bashkëshort> 'spouse, husband: second part of
compound is probably Lat. sors, -tis 'fate, destiny', so literally
means to have together same destiny', <bashk-i> 'municipality',
<bashk-oj> 'to unite, band together, connect' etc. (cf. Italian
<bandire 'to muster, band together' from Gmc *ban-wan, *bannan). 3.
I guess to that Alb. prefixed form <m'u d-bue> 'to copulate',
especially the act of copulation between the bitch and dogs, synonymic
with the verb <m'u ndjek> 'to persecute' should be related to
participle o-grade form *bho:-no (Pokorny 2. bha:- 105.)
[DGK]
The Albanian words with <bashk-> might be from a distinct IE root
*bhask-
'bundle, something tied or woven together', whence Latin <fascis>,
<fascia>,
etc., Gallo-Latin <bascauda> 'basket'.
[AK]
For the reason that this root is recounstructed as *bhasko-, even many
thing that it underlay Alb. words with <bashk->, they give up, as I do
too, because -sko yields in Alb. regularly /h/.

[DGK]
I see. I didn't know that. Thank you.

What is the history of Alb. <mushk> 'mule', Rom. <mus.coi> 'id.'? We have
Lat. <mu:lus>, Phocaean Grk. <mukhlós> which are consistent with either
*mughlo- or *mukslo- as a protoform. The latter is preferable since the
Alb. and Rom. forms seem to represent a metathesized root *musk-. I guess
*muks- would produce *muç in Albanian, so either there was metathesis at the
right time, or *musk- was borrowed into Alb. (and Rom.) from some
unidentified source.

PIE-speakers probably didn't breed mules, but that in itself doesn't force
the word to be a borrowing; it might be an adaptation of *muks- from *meuk-,
if mules were regarded as having snotty noses, or behaving in a stubborn
"snotty" manner.

[DGK]
Alb. <m'u d-bue> is perhaps cognate with Lat. <futuere> 'to copulate
with'.
I don't know if this *bhu(t)- actually belongs with *bhau- or some
other
root.
[AK]
It will fits better, but synonym <m'u ndjekë> 'to chase,
persecute' force me to treat this as derivative of *bha:-.
*****
*bhel-1 'to shine, flash, burn'.
I. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-eH2: 1a. Alb. <balë> 'white blaze on
the face or body of a domestic animal' b. <balash> 'with blazed
face or spotted body'; c. bal 'dog with white spots; sheepdog';
d. bal-iskë 'patch of white on the face or body of domestic
animal'; 2a. In many compounds as a first or second element:
<balë·drenjë> 'goat with long straight horns and a white blaze on
the forehead', also <bal·fllorë>; b. balë·mushk 'goat with
dun-colored hair'; c. bal·dosë 'badger' also <dosëbalë>; d.
balë·sorrë 'black ewe with a white blaze on the forehead'; e.
balë·krocë 'evergreen rose'; f. balgjosë 'dark goat with
white lines'; g. bal·mëllenjë 'dark goat with a white blaze on
the forehead', etc (cf. Gr. phalaros 'having a white spot). (It was
rightly supposed that the name of Belisarius' hors <Balias> could be
explained through Albanian.). 3a. Extended root *bhol-t-a: > Alb.
<baltë> 'mud, dirt' (cf. Sl. <blato>, present also in Rom.
<balta>); b. <balt-ak> 'muddy, slimy', c. balt-ovinë 'muddy
place'; d. <balt-inë> 'muddy ground'; e. balt-omë 'mud,
filth' etc. 4. <bajzë> 'coot' (cf. Lat. fulica, Gr.
phaleris/phalaris 'id.'), probably from *bhol-dya:. 5. <ballë>
'forehead' from *bhol-na: (cf. Skt. bha:lam: OPr ballo).
[DGK]
I don't understand the connection between *bholta: 'mud, slime, swamp,
etc.'
and *bhel- 'to shine, flash, burn' which reminds of "lucus a non
lucendo".
Here belong Illyr. <balta> 'swamp', Lat. <blatea> 'id'. (prob. from
Messapic), possibly Span. <balsa> 'pool' (if from *baltia in some
pre-Roman
IE language).
[AK]
If English <black> is a derivative of *bhel- 'to shine, flash,
burn' -much precisely from extended o-grade form *bhlog-, Gmc
*blakaz 'burned', I can't see any difficulty Illyrian, Albanian
word <baltë> for "mud, slime, swamp" to not be derived from
*bhel-.

[DGK]
That would work if the mud there was always the color of burnt wood, but in
my experience mud is usually lighter in color, more "brown" than "black"
(hence my suggestion earlier about <Padus> and <Bodincus> from *bod-). I
remain skeptical, thinking this may be an independent root.

[Abdullah Konushevci]

[AK]
For the reason that this root is recounstructed as *bhasko-, even many
thing that it underlay Alb. words with <bashk->, they give up, as I do
too, because -sko yields in Alb. regularly /h/.


[DGK]
I see. I didn't know that. Thank you.

What is the history of Alb. <mushk> 'mule', Rom. <mus.coi> 'id.'? We
have
Lat. <mu:lus>, Phocaean Grk. <mukhlós> which are consistent with
either
*mughlo- or *mukslo- as a protoform. The latter is preferable since
the
Alb. and Rom. forms seem to represent a metathesized root *musk-. I
guess
*muks- would produce *muç in Albanian, so either there was metathesis
at the
right time, or *musk- was borrowed into Alb. (and Rom.) from some
unidentified source.


PIE-speakers probably didn't breed mules, but that in itself doesn't
force
the word to be a borrowing; it might be an adaptation of *muks- from
*meuk-,
if mules were regarded as having snotty noses, or behaving in a
stubborn
"snotty" manner.

[AK]
Exists also Old Russ. <m&sk&> and Bullg. <m&sk> 'id.'.
Because the mule is a mixed animal, my view is that it can be from PIE
*meig'-/meik'- 'to mix', which suffixed zero-grade form *mig'-sk- have
yielded Lat. misc:re 'to mix'. So, if we accept the evolution of three
consonants cluster CCC to two consonants cluster CC (cf. *s(w)ek's-
'six' and suffixed form *sek's-to > Alb. gjashtë 'id.'), then I think
that <mushk> 'male mule' and <mushkë> 'female mule' might be easy
explained from some aberrant variant <mug'/muk'-sk-o/-lo.
Usually roots that ends in palatals and pure velars have their
zero-grade form with /u/ in Albanian (see above *bak-).
Just a thought or suggestion.